Human Battery Demonstration - How To Make a Human Battery

Make a human battery by substituting fingers for the salt bridge in a galvanic cell. You can make a human battery with one person, a group of people, or even a thousand people. This is a simple yet impressive electrochemistry demonstration. Make a Human Battery The usual method of connecting the half-cells of a galvanic cell is to use a salt bridge as a source of mobile ions, like in this diagram. However, you can use your fingers in place of the salt bridge. Make a V with two fingers of your hand. Simply dip one finger in the beaker of copper metal in 1M copper sulfate solution and another finger in the beaker of zinc metal in a 1M zinc sulfate solution. You just made a battery out of yourself! Your human battery will have about the same voltage as the standard cell potential. Rinse your fingers when you are done and congratulate yourself on being such an excellent source of ions. Advanced Human Battery Do you want more voltage? Switch out the zinc for a more reactive metal and get your friends in on the action. You can make a sodium-copper battery by having one lucky volunteer touch a small piece of sodium metal. Have the next person join hands with the person touching the sodium. Make a chain of human hands with as many people as you have available (the record for this type of human battery is said to be 1500 people) and have the person on the end dip his or her finger into the copper sulfate solution. Your human battery should deliver about 3 volts. Sodium metal is extremely reactive. Be sure to keep the sodium metal far away from any liquid water and have the person who touched the metal rinse his hand with a vinegar solution following the demonstration.

Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ( Iddm ) Is A...

Diabetes (DM) is a metabolic disorder affecting the endocrine system, the physiognomies consist of either the inability to properly produce and/or use insulin by the body; resulting in unregulated blood sugar (BS) or glucose. This is typically a chronic condition, but there are some outliers that may yield the same results, such as pregnancy, surgery, medication regimen, pancreatic disease and infections. A basic review of the digestive process will help us in understanding this illness; the metabolism of our food by our body forms glucose and used for energy. There’s impairment in diabetic patients with this process and the BS fluctuates, these changes over time have a negative effect on other organs resulting in secondary chronic ailments. For our discussion, we will deal with two types of diabetes; Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) or Type I diabetes and Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (NIDDM) or Type II diabetes. In IDDM client s, the pancreas produces lit tle or no insulin; therefore, they need insulin to help manage their blood glucose levels. Type I diabetes, previously called juvenile diabetes, although, it usually develops in children or teens, but can also start in early adulthood. Management has improved over the years; with proper follow-up people diagnosed with his form of diabetes can live healthy lives. In NIDDM the body is unable to process the BS effectively because of insufficient amounts of insulin or the body s inability to properly useShow MoreRelatedDiabetes : The Common Chronic Disorders1737 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION: Diabetes is one of the most common chronic disorders in UK [1]. According to Silverman, more than 2.6 million people in UK are diabetic as according to data collected from GP practices and more than 5 million obese people are registered to GP practices. So One in ten people are getting treatment for obesity and one in 20 are getting treatment for diabetes [2]. It is estimated that more than 5% men and more than 4% women in England are found to have diagnosed diabetes. While, 3% men

Power and Propoganda in Communist China Essay Example For Students

Power and Propoganda in Communist China Essay Propagand in China during the Cultural Revolution took on many forms; there were mass Red Guard demonstrations in Tianamen Square in support of Mao Zedong, pictures of Mao were put up in every conceivable location from restaurants to the wallpaper in nurseries, and pamphlets and books of Maos teachings were distributed to every Chinese citizen. One of these propaganda publications Quotations from Chairman Mao which later became known as the Little Red Book contained quotes from Mao Zedong and was distributed to every Chinese citizen. The history of the Red Book provides one of the best ways in which to analyze Chinese propaganda during the Cultural Revolution and see the ways in which the Chinese government was able to produce and effectively indoctrinate the Chinese people with Mao Zedong Thought. Official Chinese magazines from the period of 1967 to 1970 are filled with many pictures of citizens holding, reading, and memorizing the Red Book. This proposal will trace the rise and fa ll of images of the Red Book in the official Chinese publication China Reconstructs. This proposal will use a graphical analysis of pictures in this publication from 1966 to 1973 to show that propaganda was not just a tool of the Communist party but also a reflection of internal power struggles within the party during the Cultural Revolution. The Red Book was written several years before it became the object of national adoration and a tool for the Cultivation of Maos personality Cult. The history of the Red Book and its meteoric rise from a hand book for military recruits to compulsory reading for all Chinese citizens, is closely tied to its developer Lin Biaos rise to power. Lin Biao was born in 1907 and was fourteen years younger then Mao; he joined the communist party in 1925 and until the communists captured control of China was at various times in charge of resistance forces, and armies of communist soldiers. When the communists took control in 1949 Lin Biao was behind Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Chen Yun, and Deng Xiaoping in rank (Yan and Gao, 1996: 179). But eighteen years later during the height of the Cultural Revolution Lin Biao by winning favor with Mao by publishing and championing the Red Book and the Cult of Mao became second only to the Chairman in power and position (Ming-Le, 1983: 80). In 1959 Peng Dehua was dismissed as minister of defense and Lin Biao was appointed in his place. At an armed forces meeting for high cadres during September of that year Lin Biao, energetically started promoting the Cult of Mao saying, Learning the writings of comrade Mao Zedong is the shortcut to learning Marxism-Leninism. Chairman Maos writings are easy to learn and can be put to use immediately. Diligent work will pay dividends many fold. (Yan and Gao, 1996: 182) His references to shortcut and quick dividends in his speech went unnoticed at the time as few foresaw the effects of creating aCult around Mao. But looking back on the Cultural Revolution and Lin Biao, we can see his using the Cult of Mao was indeed a shortcut that produced huge dividends both for himself and for Mao. Mao to the Chinese people was a symbol sovereignty and the construction of socialism; to them praise for Mao was fitting with his symbolic role in society. Starting in 1959 Lin Biao in front of military aud iences in order to help buildup support for the Cult of Mao used such phrases as, the dire necessity of acquiring Mao Zedongs thought, to study the writings of Mao Zedong with questions in mind is to shoot arrows with target in sight, we must arm our minds with Mao Zedongs thought (Yan an Gao, 1996: 181). Lin Biaos goal of building up both himself and the Cult of Mao lead him in September of 1960 to pass a resolution at the meeting of the Military Commission, which called for more political education among the armed forces (Yan and Gao, 1996: 181) Mao Zedong Thought is the compass for the Chinese peoples revolution and socialist construction, the powerful ideological weapon against imperialism, and the powerful ideological weapon against revisionism and dogmatism.. raise high the red banner of Mao Zedong Thought, go further and mobilize the minds of all officers and soldiers with Mao Zedong Thought, and resolve to make sure that Mao Zedong Thought, and resolve to make sure that Ma o Zedong Thought is in command in all phases of work Really learn by heart the Mao Zedong Thought! Read Chairman Maos books, listen to Chairman Maos words, follow Chairman Maos directives, and serve as Chairman Maos good soldiers!Shortly after the passage of the resolution by Lin Biao, the fourth volume of the selected works of Mao Zedong was published. On the occasion of it being sold to the public Lin Biao wrote an article calling upon all people in the military to read and study the works of Chairman Mao and dedicate to memory Mao Zedong Thought (Yan and Gao, 1996: 183). On April 1964 Lin Biao direct the military presses to publish a selection of quotes from Mao in a Little Red Book. The book titled Quotations From Chairman Mao was aimed at providing military recruits a shortened version of Maoist thought (Yan and Gao, 1996: 183). Military recruits before the publication of the Red Book were encouraged to study the Selected Works of Mao Zedong. But this set of books had grown so large (its four volumes contained over fifteen hundred pages) many of the militarys recruits who were from peasant backgrounds were unable to read its complicated articles. The Little Red Book in contrast with its hand picked quotes and introduction by Lin Biao was short with easy to read quotes. Before the publishing of the Red Book the study of the Selected Works of Mao Zedong greatly increased in the military this was in large part due to the encouragement and directives issued by Lin Biao. In 1961 Lin Biao while inspecting a contingent of troops said that the works of Cha irman Mao Zedong, were a guide to those in the military, Every lesson in political education must use the works of Chairman Mao Zedong as an ideological guide. (Yan and Gao, 1996: 183) Lin Biao also directed the military press to publish sections from the Red Book in the Liberation Army Daily the official publication of the PLA (Peoples Liberation Army). The Red Book provided many of the military recruits who were mostly uneducated peasants with a grounding inMaoist thought. The quotes selected in the Red Book such as, Carry on the workers struggle, down with rightist revisionism were sufficient vague as to allow recruits to draw from the Red Book what they wanted to. Lin Biaos efforts to promote the study of Maoist thought were done to win favor with Mao and increase his position in the party (Tsou, 1986: 49). Lin Biaos cultivation of the Cult of Mao Zedong soon earned him Maos notice. During a meeting in 1961 Mao applauded Lin Biaos work in the armed forces saying, Recently comr ade Lin Biao inspected the forces as far down as the company level and showed understanding of a good many things, including the problems of construction among our forces, and he made very good suggestions about various tasks of construction. (Yan and Gao, 1996: 182) Lin Biao feeling that his workat publicizing Maos teachings was paying off redoubled his efforts at promoting Mao Zedong Thought. He insisted that quotes from Mao Zedong could be used to accomplish tasks within the military and made the Red Book required reading for all in the military (Tsou, 1986:50). In January of 1962 the Part Central held an enlarged work session called a seven thousand person meeting. This meeting was aimed at rectifying the mistakes of The Great Leap Forward, and to promote the economy. A large majority at the meeting criticized Mao Zedong; but Lin Biao who believed that his future was inextricably linked to that of Mao gave one of the lone speeches in support of Mao (Yan and Gao, 1996: 182). Lin Biao said at the conference that the reason The Great Leap Forward had not a success was because the dictates of Chairman Mao had not been followed closely enough. After the economy started to improve in 1963 and Mao gained back wide support Mao looked back and remembered that Lin Biao was one of the few who had stood by him and did not criticize him during the Party Central meeting. This event shows how Lin Biao was a shrewd political thinker who saw that his future was connected with that of Mao and winning Maos approval. By 1962 Lin Biaos chief tool at achieving this objective was the promotion of Mao Zedong Thought (Dutt and Dutt, 1970: 63). After May of 1961 the Liberation Army Daily followed Lin Biaos directive and printed selections from the SelectedWorks of Mao Zedong. By May of 1964 with a further directive from Lin Biao the general publication department of the Liberation Army, edited and published the Red Book accompanied by the publication of the selected reader of the workers of Mao suggested by Lin Biao (Yan and Gao, 1996: 183). The Red Book had an inscription on its cover written in calligraphy by Lin Biao that read, Study Chairmen Maos writings, follow his teachings, and act accordingly (Kraus, 1991: 109). The fact that the inscription on the Red Book was in Lin Biaos handwriting was significant in that it symbolized the connection between the Red Book, Lin Biao, and the Cult of Mao. Both of these publications were published in large quantities and distributedamong the armed forces. There now was a fervor for the studying of works by Mao in military ranks, illiterate soldiers were able to recite long passages from memory and military troops studied the Red Book during their breaks. With such a backdrop Lin Biao recognized that the time was right for increasing his position within the party. The cultivation of the Cult of Mao had support from Mao Zedong and when he started the Cultural Revolution in August of 1966 Mao saw that Lin Biaos though t education in the military could be applied to the whole nation (Rodzinski, 1988:96). The period before the Cultural Revolution provides some very important insights into the development of the Red Book and of Lin Biaos connection to the Red Book. In the period before August of 1966 the Red Book was not read by those outside of the military. A graphical analysis of pictures before 1967 shows that the Red Book was not a widely used method of propaganda as it did not appear in many pictures and the pictures it did appear in were of soldiers in the PLA. Although studying Maoist thought was important during the period prior to the Cultural Revolution in society as a whole it was not veryimportant. There are several reasons: First, there was no reason to Cultivate the Cult of Mao Zedong Thought during this time, Mao prior to 1966 was not trying to lead any mass movements in which he would need popular support. The Great Leap Forward and the anti-rightist campaigns came during times in which Mao was powerful within the party so he did not need wide spread support outside of the central command. Second, Mao prior to the Cultural Revolution was more interested in promoting communist economics then ideology. Mao promoted The Great Leap Forward which was not a ideological campaign but instead an economic campaign to promote industrialization (Rodzinski, 1988:74). And in the period from 1961 to 1965 Mao was chiefly concerned with getting the economy back on track following the disastrous Great Leap Forward. But by 1966 the economy of China was back on track and Mao had once more gained back the support of the central leaders of the communist party. The Cultural Revolution launched in 1966 lasted depending on the author until 1971 or 1976 and was initiated by Mao Zedong to renew the spirit of the Chinese Revolution. Fearing that China would develop along the lines of the Soviet model and concerned about his own place in history, Mao threw China into turmoil in a monume ntal effort to reverse what Mao saw as a rightist movement within China. During the 1960s tensions with Russia increased and Mao became convinced that the Russian Revolution had stalled and become rightist, Mao feared that China was following the same path (Yan and Gao, 1996: 7). Mao theorized that to keep China from becoming social stratified and elitist the process of continuos revolution had to be initiated by the government. To Mao the Cultural Revolution that he initiated had four goals: to replace party members with leaders more faithful to his thinking; to reenergize the Chinese Communist party and Purge the rightists; to provide Chinas youth with a revolutionary experience; and to change society such that specific systems such as education, healthcare, and cultural systems such as opera and musicbecame less elitist (Mitchell and Kua, 1975: 465). Mao launched the Cultural Revolution at the Eleventh Plenum of the Eighth Central Committee in August 1966. In the following week s Mao shut down the schools in order to allow young people to take part in the revolution (Mitchell and Kua, 1975: xii). Mao also established a national mobilization of the countries youth. They were organized into Red Guard groups and encouraged to attack all tradition values, symbols, and leaders who were rightist or bourgeois. Mao believed that the attacks would both provide the youth with a revolutionary experience thus continuing the cycle of continuos revolution and theywould strengthen the party by removing the rightist elements. Mao also saw the Cultural Revolution as a way to strengthen his own political base because the Red Guards acted to remove all who opposed Mao Zedong. The movement quickly escalated; intellectuals party officials, teachers, and the elderly were both physically attacked and verbally abused made to wear dunce caps in the streets and to denounce themselves. Temples, restaurants, and all signs of old values were ransacked by the Red Guard youths. The Cult ural revolution put middle school and high school students in charge of the nation and like a version of Lord of the Flies the nation fell into anarchy and paralysis The Cultural Revolution also lead to changes within the structure of the communist party. Before the Cultural RevolutionLiu Shaoqi was Mao Zedongs designated successor, but during the early stages of the Cultural Revolution Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping and many others who Mao deemed as being rightists were removed from the party. In their place Mao installed those who had been most loyal to him in the past; one of those men was Lin Biao (Dutt and Dutt, 1970: 80). Mao rightly saw that the best way to provide both direction for the Red Guards and to make himself immune from their attacks upon party official would be to foster a personality Cult. Thus under the guidance of Lin Biao who after Liu Shaoqi was removed; become the successor to Mao Lin Biao helped foster a personality Cult for Mao. Lin Biao used the same types of techniques that he used in the army to help foster this Cult of Mao. Lin Biao used the same organization to disseminate propaganda that he had devised for the Army. Lin Biao continued to head the army till his death in 1971 but his role wasexpanded as he became the high priest of the Cult of Mao (Yan and Gao, 1996: 334). The reading of the Red Book was encouraged by both Mao, party directives written by Lin Biao, Chen Boda, and Kang Sheng who during the Cultural Revolution became Maos closest advisors. All three of these advisors worked tirelessly to promote the Cult of Mao because they saw it as their way to curry favor with Mao Zedong and their efforts met with whole hearted approval. Mao in an interview near the end of the Cultural Revolution commented that Krushchev could have avoided loosing his power if he had created an appropriate Cult for himself (Yan and Gao, 1996: 313). Mao relied on the power of propaganda to enlarge his Cult during the Cultural Revolution. The Red Book became his most powerful weapon. Quotations from the Red Book replaced the usual front page section entitled todays important news in the Peoples Daily. Various other newspapers and journals increased their coverage of Mao Zedong printing his speeches, pictures, and quotes. Some even retold stories of his days fighting the Japanese and the KMT (Yan and Gao, 1996: 215). The major newspapers in June of 1966 started writing editorials and stories encouraging the public to study the thought of Chairman Mao by reading . On June 6 both the Liberation Army Daily and the Peoples Daily simultaneously published a front page article calling on the Chinese people to study Mao Zedong Thought and reading Selected Works of Mao Zedong. The headline read, Raise high the Great Red Flag of Mao Zedong, Carry to the end the great proletariat revolution. (Yan and Gao, 1996: 215) It was no coincidence that the Liberation Army Daily and the Peoples Daily both carried the same story about increasing Mao Ze dong thought study. It symbolized the rise in power of Lin Biao who with the start of the Cultural Revolution and the expulsion of Liu Shaoqi had increased his power within the communist party. Lin Biaos ideas of education and indoctrination into Maoist thought had with the publishing of the story in the Peoples Daily in June of 1966 moved from the army to all of China. From this point on until he lost favor with Mao in 1970 Lin Biao became the cheerleader of the Cult of Mao directing the national frenzy that enveloped China with its adoration of Mao Zedong (Dutt and Dutt, 1970: 80). Under the leadership of Lin Biao the leading newspapers in China printed stories urging readers to read the works of Mao. As of yet the only books available to the public was the four volume long Selected Works of Mao Zedong; the Red Book had not yet become available to the pubic. In the fall of 1966 the Peoples Daily published such headlines as, Mao Zedong thought is the red sun within our bosom, and stories in newspapers were filled with such lines as, Chairman Maos books are not gold, but are more precious then gold; not steel, but stronger then steel. (Yan and Gao, 1996: 183) Picturesfrom this time depicted happy Chinese citizens reading pamphlets by Mao such as the, Man Who Moved The Mountain. But as of yet the number of pictures in 1966 that pictured Red Books was limited and only included members of the armed forces. But the stories in the newspapers and other propaganda put out by the government such as radio broadcasts stirred up a great fever in support of Mao and the study of Mao Zedong Thought. On August 12 following the Eleventh Plenum of the Eighth party congress copies of The Selected Works of Mao Zedong were distributed at major universities before they wereshut down to prepare for the Cultural Revolution. During the rest of 1966 newspapers reported daily on the sale on The Selected Works of Mao Zedong. The government lowered the price of the set of books to two y uan so that every person could posses a copy of the Selected Works. Sales were brisk then starting in January of 1967 Lin Biao made Quotations From Chairman Mao available to the public. Everyone immediately wanted to buy it. Group study sessions of the bookbecame common. At many Red Guard rallies during the next several years Red Guard troops set whole pages of the book to song (Yan and Gao, 1996: 248). Lin Biao ordered the presses of China to print millions of copies of the Red Book and distribute them to the public. The Chinese media encouraged the reading of the Red Book by printing stories extolling the virtues of those who committed the book to memory. (Yan and Gao, 1996: 249) Granny Liu spent days and nights studying the works of Chairman Mao. When she forgot, she called other to teach her. Granddaughter Yuhzen slept with her and would thus be awakenedten times a night. Even though the granddaughter could not sleep well, Granny Liu would say endearingly to her, Yuhzen, one mor e word you can teach granny is one more measure of loyalty to Chairman Mao and one more bullet for Liu Shaoqi..Granny Liu also eagerly disseminated Mao Zedong Thought. For more than sixty years she, had not known how to sing. Now, learning from her daughter and granddaughter, she sang every where.Proudly Granny Liu said, This old women cant really handle a tune. But what I sing is my feeling for Chairman Mao. When I disseminate Mao Zedong Thought, the more I sing the younger I get.Thus from January of 1967 to Lin Biaos death and the end of the Cultural Revolution everyone in China it seemed wanted to be a Granny Liu; a person who worked for the greater glory of Mao Zedong and China. The Red Book provided the Chinese people both with a basic although cryptic introduction to Maoist thought and it also provided them with a connection to their leader. Lin Biao was able to successfully indoctrinate the entire nation not just in an idolization of Mao but also in a frenzied studying of his quotes. The period from 1966 to 1971 is marked by Chinese publications filled with pictures of Chinese citizens studying theRed Books on communes, in fields, in classrooms, at rallies, and at ad-hoc study groups that met from along the Pearl River in the south of China to the plains of Tibet. The number of pictures in China Reconstructs of people holding Mao books increased from just a trickle prior to 1967 to almost fifty percent of all at the Height of the Cultural Revolution. Along with this upward trend in the number of Mao books was an increasing number of flattering articles about Lin Biao. One article in 1968 called him both a valiant fighter for the revolution and a loyal follower of Mao. The irony of this quote was probably missed by most readers at the time but looking back it was Lin Biao who created the Cult of Mao to further his own goals within the communist party and not Lin Biaos goals of helping Mao. The percentage of pictures of the Red Book and articles about Li n Biao during this time reflected not just the frenzy over the Cult of Mao in China but also the power of Lin Biao it was through his work that the Red Book became a talisman for the Chinese people. Chinese citizens read the Red Book because of the appeal and aura that surrounded it. The Red Book connected individual Chinese citizens with their leader. It enabled the average citizen who would never meet Mao in their lifetime to possess a piece of him and his words. During the Cultural Revolution Mao became a god in the eyes of the Chinese people no criticism of him could be tolerated, nor the slightest deviation from his instruction permitted. Every word he uttered was taken as truth he became in effect a living Buddha, and like Buddha his writings became like sutras. His quotes like passages from the sutras were memorized, chanted, set to song, and reproduced on billboards and on the beams of houses. (Rodzinski, 1988:121) The Red Book became during the Cultural Revolution a holy su tra carried by every citizen everywhere and studied endlessly. Some would say that the Red Book became the bible of the Cultural Revolution but this theory has several flaws. First, if this is true then the Mao would be the Jesus Christ of his time, but Mao unlike Jesus reached unquestioned power during his lifetime and unlike Jesus had no one above him; Mao was god not the son of god in China. Second, the Red Book is not parallel to the bible in its symbolism. The bible is not committed to memory by most Christians unlike the sutras whichBuddhists learn long passages from. Mao followed in the footsteps of the Buddhist framework of religious organization. Under the Cultural Revolution Buddhism and Confucianism were wiped out, Red Guards destroyed Buddhist temples and tortured monks; but in this religious vacuum Mao placed himself as Buddha and his writings as Sutras. The Red Book during the Cultural Revolution provided a semblance of structure and unity in the chaos of the time. Ev en though rival Red Guard factions frequently clashed and the nation was thrown into turmoil the Red Book acted as a bond between the Chinese; they were all followers of Mao even as their nation dissolved into anarchy. The Red Book provided a framework in which for people to criticize others and also a bond between citizens, the party, Red Guards, and Mao. The study of the Red Book also provided a de-facto type of education while the schools were shut down. People learned to readin study groups while learning the Red Books quotes. In these ways the Red Book was valuable in that it created a type oforder out of the chaos of the Cultural Revolution. One of the fascinating things about the Red Book was that nearly ever Chinese citizen possessed one but only a few of them could read it. This was one of the things that made the Red Book so popular was that it created with the idea that the Chinese populace was educated while many remained illiterate. This was one of the reason study gro ups were formed; so that a reader could read the Red Book to a group of illiterate peasants who would then memorize long passages so that they could feign literacy. In many places all other books but those by Chairman Mao were banned. Reading in Chinese society was heldin high esteem even under communism and the idea of each citizen being a scholar was an appealing idea to both the peasants and served the purposes of Lin Biao who saw that the more widely the Cult of Mao and Mao Zedong Thought was spread the more his power would increase. But by 1970 the end of the Cultural Revolution had begun. Many within the party believed the Cultural Revolution had gone to far, destroyed to much, and were scared that they would become the next party member to be openly criticized by Red Guards. Lin Biaos success in promoting the teachings of Mao made him the successor to Mao starting in August of 1966 but his role was formalized in at the Ninth Party Congress convened in April of 1969 (Ming-Le, 1983: 49). After this Lin Biao tightened the grip of the military on Chinese Society. Lin Biao maneuvered to take advantage of the Sino-Soviet Border clashes in the spring of 1969 to declare martial law. Lin Biao quickly encountered opposition to his growing power. Mao himself became concerned about what he saw as a successor to eager to assume power, and starting in the fall of 1970 Mao maneuvered to limit the power of Lin Biao (Ming-Le, 1983: 47-52). In August of 1970 a national conference was held called the Second Plenum which was a conference of people chosen at the 1969 national conference to decide national policy. The Second Plenum was held in Lushan and chaired by Mao Zedong. At this conference Lin Biao maneuvered to make himself president of the republic. His clique of followers which included Chen Boda circulated such statements as, Lin Biao is an uncommon genius he is one of the great teachers like Marx,and Lenin and Mao (Ming-Le, 1983: 50) Lin Biao saw that holding th e office of the presidency which became vacant after the death Liu Shaoqi in 1969 was a tool by which he could assume control over China and fulfill his lifetime ambition. On August 25, 1970 Mao convened the conference and upon hearing of Lin Biaos plan destroyed it in a matter of two days. Mao did this in three ways. First, he sentenced Chen Boda to self-examination, this was a clear warning to Lin Biao to stop his grab for power. Second, Mao threatened the members of the conference by saying that he would leave if they brought up the issueof the presidency. Third, Mao wrote in a public letter called, Some Views of Mine, a criticism of those who claim but do not really understand Marxism. This letter was clearly speaking about Lin Biao although it did not say so directly. The conference at Lushan was a turning point for Lin Biao is symbolized his fall from the graces of Mao because of what Mao perceived as his impatience to become president. Mao was able to effectively eliminate Li n Biao as a threat by joining forces with Zhou Enlai and by isolating Lin Biaos assistant Chen Boda. (Yan and Gao, 1996: 309) By January of 1971 Lin Biao was no longer in Maos clique of advisors and Mao further distanced himself from Lin Biao and his work at creating a cult of Mao by saying in December of 1970 that he felt the cult created around him had grown to large (Yan and Gao, 1996: 313), what happened between then and Lin Biaos death in September of the year is the object of much speculation. The official Chinese governments story is that Lin Biao died on September 13, 1971, in an airplane crash in Mongolia as he was fleeing to the Soviet Union after having plotted unsuccessfully to overthrow Mao. According to this account during the whole of 1971 Lin Biao was organizing a coup among military officers. This account is very much in doubt and their is much speculation that Lin Biao after falling out of favor with the party leadership was assassinated by communist party (Ming-Le , 1983:228). This has been reinforced by Mongolian reports in 1990 that say that Lin Biao a was not on the plane that crashed in 1971.

Business Communication for Nonverbal Skills and Body Language

Question: Discuss about theBusiness Communication for Nonverbal Skills and Body Language. Answer: Effective communication According to many scholars, all the achievements made by organizations and companies have been made possible because of communication between people working in those organizations, companies, or firms. Without proper communication, very little can be realized whether it is in terms of development or good and harmonious relationship (Harrison, 2009). Therefore, effective communication is a key factor in the success of relationship and businesses. Consequently, I have been in a case where people I was communicating with perceived wrong information. As I was the team leader, I wanted my juniors to ensure that all the pending projects to be completed within one day. However, since this was linear communication, most of my juniors understood it differently, that is projects to be cleared in the next two days. Barriers to effective communication Barriers to effective communication are things that prevent effective communication between interested parties. Generally, during communication, the sender expects that the whole message is delivered to the receiver (Sole, 2009). However, because the message has to pass through some channels, distortion must occur. These distortions, will not allow the original message to be delivered to the receiver. Some barriers to communication are discussed as under: Noise This is one reason why original messages do not reach the receiver as expected. Noise as one of the potential barriers to communication is divided into two categories; the physical noise and psychological noise. Physical noise refers to physical distraction present in the environment during the time when communication is taking place. The noise may be coming from hooting vehicles, people shouting, excessive hotness, or cold. Consequently, the message may be distorted and will not be encoded properly. Therefore, physical noise can distort communication at any level, for instance, it can hinder communication at the sender, receiver, or at the channel. The second type of noise as a barrier to communication is called psychological noise. It is usually experienced when the sender or the receiver has some inbuilt psychological factors, for example, a sender may have problems in using vocabularies in translating the image into sound such that the receiver can understand it correctly (Battel l, 2006). In this case, the receiver may not get the meaning of the original content of information intended. Consequently, the receiver with a perceived mind may further distort the message by encoding it differently. Since the sender has wrongly interpreted the content of this message from the start, the receiver will also encode very different thing. Language barrier This is one of the most common barriers to effective communication as it is met frequently. It takes place from the fact that people may speak different languages including vernacular languages while others may not either understand nor speak a particular language (Potter, 2002). Consequently, as the sender communicates the message, the receiver may not understand the information, thus a hindrance to communication. Similarly, a language may be too hard for the receiver to understand and this may also lead to the wrong message decoded by the receiver (Help guide, 2016). In some cases, the sender may run short of appropriate language to express his or her information to the audience, therefore, he or she may decide to use a language that befits him or her and leave the rest to the receiver to understand and interpret. It is, therefore, important to choose a language that fits the audience so that misinterpretation of the information is prevented. Cultural differences Apart from noise and language barriers, effective communication may also be hindered by cultural differences. Culture in the social perspective refers to how people carry out themselves, their living styles, norms, and what they do to earn their living. In the world, there are different races, color, ethnic groups, which at any given time carry out their activities differently (Lavy, 2013). This leads to people speaking different languages, practice different cultures among others. Distance and channel The channel of communication is fundamental in ensuring that there is an effective communication between the sender and the receiver. A bad channel will automatically result in distortion of the information (Miller, Biggart, Newton, 2013). The information to be delivered must have done while choosing an appropriate channel for that particular message. Otherwise, if distance and channel were not put into consideration, there would be distortion on the original message Strategies that are used to overcome the barriers Talking to the appropriate audience I realized that because I did not directly pass my information to the responsible people, they had to receive different information from the one that was intended. I realized also that if I can reach my audience directly and physically, I would deliver my information directly without relying on other individuals to do it. The people who were used as channels in this were not affected directly, for instance, it was not their responsibility to complete the projects in time, so they took it less seriously. Choosing the right channel The information could have gone a wrong channel to reach the intended people. Therefore, to overcome the barriers, a sender should choose the right channel to convey the information. Some of these channels include writing or just talking to the people face-to-face. Face-to-face is always an effective means because the sender finds time to meet his or her audience physically and there is room for feedback as well (Nash, 2015). Use of a language that all the participants understand As discussed above, the language barrier is one factor that hinders effective communication. In the modern world, however, people are equipped with different languages, but it is important to ensure that the language being used to convey the message is one that everybody will understand so that they would be able to interpret and encode the correct information. References Help guide. (2016). Nonverbal Communication: Improving Your Nonverbal Skills and Reading Body Language. Helpguide.org. Retrieved 25 November 2016, from https://www.helpguide.org/articles/relationships/nonverbal-communication.htm Harrison, F. (2009). Effective communication. The Communication Guide 2(3), 12-17. Battell, C. (2006). Effective listening (1st ed.).Alexandria, Va.: ASTD Press. Sole, K. (2009). Making connections: Understanding interpersonal communications. Bridge point. Nash, E. (2015). International Education on Principles of Communication. New York: McGraw Hill. Lavy, I. (2013). Soft Skills An Important Key to Communication in the "Shift to a Service-Driven Economy" Era. International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management, and e-Learning. Miller, L., Biggart, A., and Newton, B. (2013). Basic Communication skills. International Journal of Training and Development, 17(3), pp.173-175. Potter, E. (2002). Improving Communication Skills and Employability in the 21st Century. Industrial and Labour Relations Review, 55(4), p.739

Themes in Modern Literature Essay Sample free essay sample

Modernism in â€Å"Aunt Helen† . by T. S. Eliot and â€Å"Eleanor Rigby† . by John Lennon and Paul McCartney â€Å"Aunt Helen† . by T. S. Eliot and â€Å"Eleanor Rigby† . by John Lennon and Paul McCartney are poems which comprise features of modernism. Loneliness. societal disaffection and isolation. dual criterion and delegating of faith are the chief subjects emerge from these literary pieces. Miss Helen Slingsby. the poet’s aunt in â€Å"Aunt Helen† . was an single adult female who lived entirely. except for her retainers and pets. Aunt Helen was distant and stray. and after her decease there was silence on Earth and in Eden. The repeat of the word â€Å"silence† represents the deficiency of involvement in her. Not merely that her decease resulted in indifference but she had no impact on anyone’s life but her parrot. which â€Å"shortly afterwards†¦died excessively. † â€Å"Eleanor Rigby† is besides approxi mately societal disaffection and isolation. Both Eleanor Rigby and Father McKenzie were lonely people. We will write a custom essay sample on Themes in Modern Literature Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page who lived in the same alienating society. worked in a church but failed to do any important contact with people around them or with each other. Eleanor was the cleansing agent of a church. dreamed to acquire married but had to settle for picking up the rice after other’s nuptialss and â€Å"waiting at the window† for person who would non demo up. Father McKenzie was a priest who wrote discourses to trusters that wouldn’t listen ( â€Å"no one will hear† ) and spent his darks repairing his socks so he could look noteworthy in the eyes of people who excluded themselves from church ( â€Å"No one semen near. † ) Double criterion is another subject in these two verse forms. Aunt Helen â€Å"lived in a little house near a stylish square† and â€Å"cared for by servants† . She was a â€Å"proper Bostonian† . a societal category who had been the vanguard of American idealism and progressive thought and set the criterions for gustatory sensation and good judgement. She didn’t have a household of her ain. and therefore she left her bequest to her Canis familiariss and par rot ( â€Å"The Canis familiariss were handsomely provided for† ) . She cared merely for her pets and left nil to her retainers who cared for her and externally abided by her regulations. The retainers were ‘careful’ while the aunt lived but after she was gone. they were prosecuting in the sort of sexual activity she would hold despised. Eleanor Rigby was a adult female who had to have on the â€Å"face that she keeps in a jar by the door. † She set on the face of a nice spiritual individual. symbolically she hid her true empty ego. Father McKenzie. by â€Å"darning his socks in the dark when there’s cipher there† . was ashamed and conceal himself merely as Eleanor did. Both â€Å"Aunt Helen† and â€Å"Eleanor Rigby† jest ironically at the futility of religious pursuits. The verse forms evoke religious emptiness. In the first. â€Å"the mortician wiped his feet—He was cognizant that this kind of thing had occurred before† and the footman â€Å"holding the 2nd maidservant on his articulatio genuss – who had ever been so careful while her kept woman lived† symbolizes the traveling off from faith every bit good as the breakage of old values. In the latter the names of Eleanor Rigby and Father McKenzie suggest they both were Irish. and the church. as a scene. implies on their Catholicity. Harmonizing to the Christian philosophy. redemption refers to the phenomenon of the psyche being saved from some unfortunate fate by Godhead bureau. Father McKenzie in â€Å"Eleanor Rigby† . However. Eleanor Rigby ended up dead † in the church and was buried along with her name† and non merely her. but â€Å"no one was saved† . The last line of stanza 3 symbolizes the interruption of spiritual religion and the alienation of modern society T. S. Eliot and Lennon and McCartney make usage of from and manner in order to convey their message. In â€Å"Eleanor Rigby† . the sequence of construction is inconsistent. The diminishing length of lines 2 and 4 in the three stanzas. every bit good as the questions in the shutting line of each. construct tenseness until the inevitable terminal of Eleanor Rigby and the imperative statement that â€Å"no one was saved† . It seems as if solitariness is declining as clip base on balls on. and ends in a forlorn decease. In a first glimpse. â€Å"Aunt Helen† gives the feeling of a paragraph consists of five tallies on sentences and no form. The signifier. which doesn’t seem to be poetic in stanz a signifier and lacks form. accentuates the absence. or emptiness. in Miss Helen Slingsby’s life. Although both poems’ signifier expresses a similar subject of solitariness. they are really different in their construction. While â€Å"Eleanor Rigby† is divided into three stanzas. consisting of a poetry and a chorus. that are rhymed in the same form – the first and the 2nd lines rime every bit good as the 3rd and the Forth. â€Å"Aunt Helen† has a more free signifier. The five sentences assembled in the verse form are differed in length and the rhyming strategy is inconsistent – the last word of the 2nd sentence rimes with the last word in the undermentioned line ( â€Å"street† and â€Å"feet† ) . and it is the same in the following sentence. However. the following rime has a different form – the first line in the last sentence rimes with the 3rd line of the sentence ( â€Å"mantelpiece† and â€Å"on his knees† ) . Aunt Helen’s life and decease are described in a slightly formal manner. as largely brief and to the points words are used. There are commas and full Michigans and no inquiry marks or exclaiming Markss. While â€Å"Aunt H elen’s† enlightening nature emphasizes the deficiency of metaphors. Eleanor Rigby â€Å"Lives in a dream† . wears â€Å"a face she keeps in a jar† and is â€Å"Buried along with her name† . â€Å"Eleanor Rigby† opens with boding the debut of two alone people â€Å"Ah. look at all the alone people! † The terminal of the verse form – the decease of Eleanor Rigby – is about expected. while the formality used in â€Å"Aunt Helen† avails in making an unexpected disclosure – the rejection of â€Å"old† morality. expressed in the act of the two retainers on the dining room. The authors use symbols to pass on their messages. Eleanor Rigby â€Å"picks up the rice in a church where a nuptials has been† . This symbol of fusion of two people in a nuptials ceremonial contradicts the chief subject of the verse form – solitariness. In â€Å"Aunt Helen† the mention to the Dresden clock go oning after her decease symbolizes the disaffection of a society in which people don’t leave a important consequence. Time continues without them. The overexploitation of â€Å"no one† and â€Å"nobody† in â€Å"Eleanor Rigby† intends to set up the subject of solitariness and disaffection. The storyteller mocks both Eleanor Rigby. who â€Å"was buried along with her name† . and Father McKenzie. who meant nil to cipher. and whose merely achievement was the burial of Eleanor Rigby. In â€Å"Aunt Helen† it is the repeat of â€Å"silence† that conveys this subject. T. S. Eliot and Lennon and McCartney trade in their verse forms with modern subjects – purdah and religion attenuation. In â€Å"Aunt Helen† and â€Å"Eleanor Rigby† the authors demonstrate theses issues by utilizing modern-day free signifier and linguistic communication.

The Golden Notebook, Doris Lessings Feminist Novel

The Golden Notebook, Doris Lessings Feminist Novel Doris Lessings The Golden Notebook was published in 1962. Over the next several years,  feminism  again became a significant movement in the United States, the United Kingdom, and much of the world. The Golden Notebook was seen by many feminists of the 1960s as an influential work that revealed the experience of women in society. Notebooks of a Womans Life The Golden Notebook tells the story of Anna Wulf and her four notebooks of different colors that narrate aspects of her life. The notebook of the title is a fifth, gold-colored notebook in which Annas sanity is questioned as she weaves together the other four notebooks. Annas dreams and diary entries appear throughout the novel. Postmodern Structure The Golden Notebook has autobiographical layers: the character Anna reflects elements of author Doris Lessings own life, while Anna writes an autobiographical novel about her imagined Ella, who writes autobiographical stories. The structure of The Golden Notebook also intertwines the political conflicts and emotional conflicts in the characters lives. Feminism and feminist theory often rejected traditional form and structure in art and literature. The Feminist Art Movement considered rigid form to be a representation of patriarchal society, a male-dominated hierarchy. Feminism and postmodernism often overlap; both theoretical viewpoints can be seen in analysis of The Golden Notebook. A Consciousness-Raising Novel Feminists also responded to the consciousness-raising aspect of The Golden Notebook. Each of Annas four notebooks reflects a different area of her life, and her experiences lead to a larger statement about flawed society as a whole. The idea behind consciousness-raising is that the personal experiences of women should not be separated from the political movement of feminism. In fact, the personal experiences of women reflect the political state of society. Hearing Womens Voices The Golden Notebook was both groundbreaking and controversial. It dealt with womens sexuality and questioned assumptions about their relationships with men. Doris Lessing has often stated that the thoughts expressed in The Golden Notebook should not have come as a surprise to anyone. Women had obviously been saying these things, she said, but had anyone been listening? Is The Golden Notebook a Feminist Novel? Although The Golden Notebook is often hailed by feminists as an important consciousness-raising novel, Doris Lessing has notably downplayed a feminist interpretation of her work. While she may not have set out to write a political novel, her work does illustrate ideas that were relevant to the feminist movement, particularly in the sense that the personal is political. Several years after The Golden Notebook was published, Doris Lessing said that she was a feminist because women were second-class citizens. Her rejection of a feminist reading of The Golden Notebook is not the same as rejecting feminism. She also expressed surprise that while women had long been saying these things, it made all the difference in the world that someone wrote them down. The Golden Notebook was listed as one of the hundred best novels in English by Time magazine. Doris Lessing was awarded the 2007 Nobel Prize in Literature.

The Extended Marketing Mix Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The Extended Marketing Mix - Assignment Example In order for customers to recognize your product, it is required to differentiate your product to highlight it in the eyes of the customer. Differentiation can be done on any basis; depending on what is more highly rated in your potential customer. The company on since it started working in 1981 has been focused on providing the best quality for their product. Crosland employed the method of carefully manufacturing various electronic goods such as amplifiers, tuners, record disks, cassette players etc and imported speakers from a relatively smaller shop and branded them with their own name. Since it relied on quality and produced specialized electronic equipment; they differentiated their product on this basis only. They provided quality services to their customer; the price was not their competitive factor. Distribution patterns are considered extremely important in marketing because no matter how beautiful and penetrating the marketing activities are, if the product is not available to the consumers when they ask for it, they will probably move to another product and start using it. Many products have failed due to the failure of the company to address the problem of proper and timely distribution of the product in the areas where there is extensive demand. The company under consideration was not paying enough attention to the changing marketing tastes and the ever changing consumer tastes and therefore, has started suffering in profits. The company had attained their advantage by providing quality products. However, because the world is becoming fast paced and the changes that are usually taking place in the minds of the consumers have dented the demand for their products. People are asking for more innovative products which are being provided to them by other competitive companies w hich have employed just in time production methods so that they stay in complete cohesion with the demand for their different products. The methods of the competitors have made them the market leader. Therefore in order to get their strategic advantage back, they need to employ such distribution methods that the consumers get timely availability of the product as and when they demand it. The improvement in their distribution channel should be done so that they can increase their customer base by increasing the customer satisfaction and convenience. They should improve their inventory management by increasing the introducing the just in time methods of inventory management; this method leads to quality improvement. Customers get better product in time and eventually they will be attracted to use the company's products due to timely availability and quality. As the company is already competing based on their quality, a little improvement in distribution patterns might help them in inc reasing the quality of their products and services to a much greater extent. Another strategy that they are using is exclusive distribution which in a way hinders the availability of product in all the markets (Elizabeth, 1996). Therefore, this reduces the probability that the customer will come to but the product to the specific shop if considering the current situation when the competitors are providing with better products. 3. Pricing Strategies Price is one to the most important and the basic variable that marketing managers